Which management function involves goal setting and determining how to achieve those goals?

The function that involves goal setting and determining how to achieve those goals is planning. Planning is a critical management function that establishes the direction for an organization by defining objectives and determining the best course of action to achieve them. This process includes analyzing the current situation, forecasting future conditions, identifying resources needed, and selecting strategies to reach the desired outcomes.

In contrast to planning, organizing focuses on arranging resources and tasks to implement the established plans. Leading involves motivating and guiding employees to align their efforts with organizational goals, while controlling consists of monitoring performance and making necessary adjustments to ensure that the organization stays on track to meet its objectives. Therefore, planning distinctly emphasizes the formulation of goals and the strategies to attain them, making it the essential function in this context.